Net Zero Energy Building Design Prototypes for a Remote U.S. Army Installation: Kwajalein Atoll

Guernsey Architecture & Energy Efficiency Project Overview

Buildings are significant contributors to energy consumption and environmental impact, responsible for approximately 76% of the electrical energy usage in the United States. Executive Order 14057 sets a national target for Federal Buildings of 100% carbon pollution-free electricity on a net annual basis by 2030 and a 50% reduction in emissions by 2030 compared to 2008 levels. Achieving net-zero energy (NZE) in buildings requires maximizing energy efficiency, employing energy recovery strategies, and balancing energy use through onsite renewable energy generation.

This project showcases a case study of an NZE family housing experimental building on Kwajalein Atoll for a remote U.S. Army Installation, where three modular, prefabricated NZE housing prototypes are proposed to be constructed. The three designs by Guernsey’s team, utilize different building materials with differing attributes; evaluated with regard to energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, constructability and overall performance in a challenging marine environment. Additionally, each prototype incorporates a combination of active and passive technologies and energy-saving strategies, such as high-efficiency heat pumps and HVAC systems, smart lighting, building automation & controls, strategic building orientation, optimized insulation materials, well insulated building envelope, shading devices, window glazing, and day light harvesting, with an aim to achieve energy production that meet or exceeds consumption. The energy balance is primarily maintained through onsite solar photovoltaic (PV) generation, as other renewable options like wind turbines, potable-water generators, and solar hot water heaters were found to be less suitable due to environmental constraints and mission requirements. The goal of the project is to reduce cost to the US Army while also meeting the requirements of Executive Order 14057.

Ultimately, the findings of this case study will help the U.S. Army determine the best-value NZE housing design for potential future implementation, providing a model for sustainable development in challenging remote environments.